What concepts and theories best capture the predicament of forced Essay

What concepts and theories best capture the predicament of forced migrants in the 21st century - Essay Example This presents a challenge, as countries who are absorbing an influx of voluntary migrants may not have enough economic opportunities for the forced migrants. Additionally, because the same conditions exist for the voluntary and the forced migrants, forced migrants may have difficult attaining refugee status, which means that they might not be accepted by the receiving country. A forced migrant is somebody who is forced to leave their home to seek refuge because of the possibility of being persecuted in their home country (Davenport et al., 2003). They may either seek refuge inside the borders of their own country, in which case they are internally displaced or in another country, in which case they are refugees (Castles, 2003, p. 5). The first kind of migration examined will be that of forced migration. There are many types of forced migrants. Refugees is one type, and these are people who have been displaced because of war in their home country (Castles, 2003, p. 5). They can be contrasted with æ ® ¿sylum seekers,in that every country has the right to define what constitutes a refugee, and every government must grant a person the status of refugee. Therefore, an individual is granted the status of æ ® ¿sylum seekeruntil the government grants them the status of 途efugee(Castles, 2003, p. 7). Refugees may also refer to persons who leave their home country for fear of persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality or membership of a particular social group or political opinion (Davenport et al., 2003, p. 28). While the refugees are individuals who seek asylum from a country other than their home country, internally displaced migrants are slightly different, according to Adelman (2001). Adelman (2001) states that the internally displaced also leave their homes because of fear of persecution, like refugees, but, unlike refugees, the internally

Progression report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progression report - Essay Example I intend to write more and also have more discussions with my supervisors. Due to the understanding that I do possess about the importance of having accurate, valuable and informative information, currently I am undertaking the task of reviewing the previous chapters that I had completed as stipulated in the timeline. The review of the chapters is of great importance as it will ensure that the information contained in the chapters such as introduction, literature review, methodology and data collection are free of errors and are relevant and a true reflection of the status of the study. In addition it will enable in inclusion of some omissions that might have been overlooked during the writing of the chapters. The review of the chapters might take a considerable time since at times I will be required to undertake research as to correct some errors that might be present. Some of the writing obstacles include plenty of materials that one has to undergo through before coming up with the data required and at times the information received is irrelevant or outdated. Additionally, there exists time deadlines that one has to meet hence one has to balance time accordingly. For the analysis stage the preparation that is required to be done is familiarising oneself on the different analysis techniques that can be employed and ensuring one clearly understands the data to be discussed. The chapter on analysis and discussion is expected to take about three month period starting the month of September. The reason why it will need to consume this amount of time is mainly because during the discussions and analysis different available information will need to be compared and verified before a certain position is adopted. Additionally during this stage, in most cases there exists contradicting information that might result to new research hence consuming quite a lot of time. Also the analysis and discussion might involve ideas from

Online Payment And Security Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay

Online Payment And Security Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay With the era of information technological advancement, electronic commerce is gradually leading the distribution of the business areas. Online electronic payments are an important part of e-commerce, and also the basis for electronic commerce which able to successfully develop. Without the corresponding real-time coordination of electronic payment, e-commerce is just only practical significance of the virtual business, it cannot achieve a true network transactions. The reason that I choose this title as my seminar title is because it related to my final year project. As my final year project is regarding to online payment method, so I would like to share about online payment method and the risk of online payment, what are the risk can be taken, what are the step to prevent data lost, the security strategic to prevent any privacy or confidential information fraud, and what are the pros and cons about the online payment method. Online payment is the core of e-commerce development, is an important step to complete the transaction on internet, and also the bottleneck of the domestic network application development. Every firms or companies which run the business on internet must provide the online payment method to maintain their company flow. Introduction 1.1 What is online payment? Online payment, also known as electronic payment, it refers to the money which exchanged electronically. Broadly speaking, online payment refers to the transaction exchanged the funds on internet, typically involves computer network, internet and digital stored value system. It makes e-payment may at any time, via the internet directly to the transfer, settlement, and forms of e-commerce environment. 1.2 How online payment basic process? Online payment may seem to be very easy and fast, but it consist of the confidential and security for the card info. In order to make sure that the process is work correctly, the merchant must connect to the network with the Issuing bank, processor, and others financial institution, so that the information that provided by the customer can be routed reliable and secure. As highly sensitive payment information, trust and confidence is an essential element of any payment transactions. This means that payment processing services should be provided by a wealth of experience in payment processing and security. 1.3 What is electronic commerce? Electronic commerce refers to the goods and services which exchange over the internet, commonly known as e-commerce. All major retail organization also have an online presence, however, e-commerce also apply between business to business (B2B) transactions. It can open to all interested parties, or even limited participants. For example like Amazon.com, the selling and buying transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time. Besides that, e-commerce system also associated with the service industry, such as online banking, transfer funds, or even pay the credit card bill. 1.4 Security of e-commerce Along with the e-commerce continue to broaden, protection of individual treatment over the internet, and make your customers feel secure is the primary factors and necessary. In order to perform a secure and good service, internet security plays an important role to be enhancing in this situation. The objective is to establish rules and measure to use against attacks over the Internet. Internet information exchange on behalf of the invasion led to unsafe or high risk of fraud. For any expert in internet security will tell, e-commerce is actually much more secure than real world commerce. For example like when you leaved your credit card receipt in the shop, or accidentally give your credit card number to someone else, you are actually accepting the risk that the order which not order from you will appear on the next months credit card bill. However, when you enter a credit card number of e-commerce site, you are sent through a secure connection to a server access only to authorized personnel and protected against even the most determined intruders. Although some of the people believe that transactions over the internet are in fact safer than offline transactions, there are still a number of people believe that offline transactions are always better than online payment. For example like protecting the credit card detail, company need to prevent the card info from customer or the privacy of the customer found by a third party. Typically, this involves the company network security and how the company provide a strong and secure system on the internet. 2 Common Online Payment Systems Online payment system is to help the consumer more convenience and it is the key issue to ensure that the consumer are fast and secure. There are several types of common online payment systems: 2.1 E-cash internet payment system E-cash, also known as electronic cash or electronic money, it is a form of data which exchanged electronically through the network computer or internet, these is electronic cash currency. It can be converted to cash value of the family of cryptographic sequences, and then use these sequences to show the value of all sizes. There are few characteristic are as follows: an agreement between the enterprises and banks and authorization, can be transfer, can be kept, used to exchanged value within another system. As e-cash is what we can imagine as cash Chinas purchase of small general merchandise payment habits features, it is likely to become an important means of online payment in China, but China has not officially started. There are many foreign companies to provide electronic cash market. If unconditionally anonymous electronic money digital cash net cash market can provide an anonymous e-money market. 2.2 E-purse Internet Payment System E-purse, also known as electronic purse, it is a type of smart card which embedded with the microchip. To use e-purse shopping, the first is the user must transfer certain amount of personal bank account, then in the corresponding of website to download electronic wallet service system free software and install an electronic wallet, to apply online and access the cardholder electronic safety certificate. When users want to purchase something through the internet, just need to click on the electronic wallet icon, and follow the corresponding information that the user need to provided, such as password and user name to complete the transaction on the internet. E-purse would be more convenient and flexible compared with checks or debit card for a smaller transaction, it always used in conjunction with the bank card to help the user complete all the small transaction process. E-purse is independent of the function of bank accounts, so it will be able to record the user as required payments are made in a checkbook greater privacy and freedom. In addition, e-purse even can provide budgeting because the user only can spend what the total amount that the card had. 2.3 Electronic check (E_check) Internet Payment System Electronic check, also known as e-check, is a form of payment which transfers through the internet. It perform the same function as the paper check of using digital transmission to transfer money from one account to one account. Besides that, e-check provide better security features than the paper check because it is an electronic format and may proceeded in fewer steps to complete the transaction. Most common features provided by  electronic checks include authentication, public key cryptography, digital signatures or personal identification numbers instead of signature and so on. Theres a simple electronic check process shown below: 1. Send Check Payee Payer 2. Inspect Check 5. Bill 3. Notice 4. Approve funds and transfer Payee Bank Accounting Server Electronic Check-Cashing Process E-check is an exclusive network system, the international financial institutions, with their equipment, software and hardware, an accurate and complete set if user identification, the standard messaging, data validation and other standardized data transmission agreement to make sure that the transaction are safety and security. 2.4 Digital Wallet Payment System A digital wallet, also known as e-wallet, it is a software system that store inside the users computer to hold the digital cash, and a digital certificate with a digital signature. E-wallet allows users to make payment or transaction over the internet fast and safety. The function of the e-wallet is much more like a physical wallet, used to store the digital cash. After the e-cash service released, the e-wallet has evolved into a service to provide online shopping information and holds credit card data and passwords for logging into the website with a convenient way. An e-wallet have both software and information component. The software provides the safety and security with the encryption for the actual transaction. Typically, e-wallet is store on client side, so it is easier to self-maintenance and fully compatible with most of the online payment system. In addition, the system will automatically key in the user information in the online form, it is easier for the user and reduce the time to enter all the information again and again. While for the server side, it is refers to an organization and your side to create and maintain on it server. Because of the security and the efficiency and effectiveness of the utility that provided by the server-side to the users, it become more and more popular and famous for the user with the entire process. 2.5 PayPal System Listen Read phonetically PayPal is an e-commerce business by allowing the user to make transaction or money transfers through the Internet. PayPal also known as electronic alternative, such as checks and money are orders with the traditional paper method. It doesnt charge any fees to make any transaction or join the PayPal service, but they will be a fees change for those who want to receive the money from other people. PayPal account from a bank account can be funded by electronic debit or credit card. To receive the transaction from other people, the recipient from PayPal can either request from the PayPal service, established their own PayPal account, or request from their bank account. PayPal service is much like a intermediaries or a third party who involve between the clients and the recipient that facilitates in e-commerce. PayPal involve in several payments processing such as, online auction, online vendors, and others commercial users. It will costs some fees from the recipient for receiving money, fee included the percentage of the amount plus another additional amount. The fees is charged depend on the currency used, the option that choose by the user, the country of the sender and recipient (how far between both sender and recipient), the total amount sent by the sender and the type of account that the recipient receive it. In addition, shopping on eBay and then made the transaction by a credit card through PayPal may incur a foreign transaction fee if the seller is located in another country, as credit card issuers are automatically informed of the sellers country of origin. 2.6 Critical Evaluation According to Singh Sumanjeet1 (2009, p.24), Electronic cheque system has many advantages: (1) they do not require consumers to reveal account information to other individuals when setting an auction (2) they do not require consumers to continually send sensitive financial information over the web (3) they are less expensive than credit cards and (4) they are much faster than paper based traditional cheque. But, this system of payment also has several disadvantages. The disadvantage of electronic cheque system includes their relatively high fixed costs, their limited use only in virtual world and the fact that they can protect the users anonymity. Therefore, it is not very suitable for the retail transactions by consumers, although useful for the government and B2B operations because the latter transactions do not require anonymity, and the amount of transactions is generally large enough to cover fixed processing cost. In my opinion, i strongly agree with the statement that the author mentioned about. Electronic cheque system provides several advantages than a paper based cheque such as faster speed transaction, provide a certain level of security like encryption or decryption, and so on. But there are still limits of disadvantages for electronic cheque system, like high fixed costs or development start-up costs. Besides that, electronic cheque system can be used in virtual world instead of the real world payment method. And the most important point is the security issue, because the less of face to face communication, we cant even know the actual user as well. The possibilities that someone is try to pretend as the actual user to make transaction with us and caused identity threat 3. Strength and Weakness 3.1 Advantages of Online Payment Online payment, what we called as online payment, is an indispensable business. This is extremely important to accept electronic payment of telecommunications service industry, because it started to use this rapidly growing economy is fully utilized. Use of credit cards by phone or Internet is a familiar and convenient for consumers in the form of payment. It provides for immediate purchase to reduce the pain of payment delay coupling. Customers often feel more comfortable with a credit card, because they know they have the proof to the product or service if they not satisfy on it. There are several advantages of online payment (e-payment): 3.1.1 Convenient and 24 hours real time transaction Through the use of online payment system, consumer can access the web to make any transaction such as online banking, online billing or even car loan at any time (24 hours) or anywhere, as long as access to the internet. For example like consumer can check the bank details through their mobile phone no matter at where and anytime along with the network connection. In addition, consumer able to check or view the history of the previous transaction that they made or get the accurate real time information through online payment system. It may save up a lot of the paperwork as well. 3.1.2 Reduce cost and save time With the help of online payment system, we only need to stay at home with just a click in front of the computer which connected to the network, and transaction will be done easily. Instead of go to the physical bank to make the transaction by writing the form and waiting in front of the counter. It may save up a lot of cost like transportation fees, paper workflow fees and so on. Besides that, through online payment, the processing speed is definitely fast and rapid by following the simple instructions and entering the parameters that the system required. And user may not need to transport from one location to another, it may save up a lot of time. Compared with the real world physical offline banking system, it may spend a lot of time especially on peak season or peak hour. 3.1.3 Flexible of using e-payment Along with the continuous improvement of e-commerce, many organizations or firms not only focusing their business on offline operation, but managing their business workflow on internet. Nevertheless, e-payment, as what we called as online payment, had become an indispensable item for the entire progress of e-business. Nowadays, there are more and more online payment service provided which linked with the organization. It is more flexible to the consumer, they can choose which type of service that they want, for example like PayPal, e-cash or which bank they prefer such as maybank2u and so on. Besides that, majority of the online payment service are operation 24 hours, consumer can make the transaction anytime they like. In addition, they can reduce they pain of transport from one location to another and waiting in-front of the counter in the bank. Online payment service allow consumer to make any transaction on anytime or everywhere by accessing to the network. It is the flexibility of e-payment. 3.1.4 Benefit between consumer and organization With the help of online payment, consumer and organization are benefiting in other ways like the consumer and organization are able to negotiate arrangements for the true value, and strengthen the relationship of their business. Besides that, consumer can skip many steps or documentation for the transaction. It may easier for them to control over the timing of payment steps, and minimize the operation of the idle account balance. Consumer can eliminate the delay for the processing of transaction. For organization, they can reduce the cost of processing the paper cheque. Yet when the organizations process the paper cheque that paid from consumers, they need to spend some cost to process the paper cheque. With the help of online payment, the organization may have the advantages as well by encouraging the consumer to pay electronically instead of pay by a paper cheque. In addition, they can receive the payment immediately without any delay, because the receipt is available immediately after consumer had made the payment. 3.1.5 Others common benefits Below are some of the common benefits for online payment method. Personal security We do not need to hold so much money along with us on our premises, or even on the outside, and lead to more safety and security Used internationally Online payment is a common method that can be used internationally, it is important for the tourist-sector businesses or those organization who running their business or selling their goods overseas. Reaching a wider customer base Some of the organizations accept the online payment method like phone delivery or mail ordering for online customers; it is easier for those customers who are lack of transportation or not able to reach your premises. Increase the sale opportunities For some customer willing to buy the goods from the offline business shop, the may having the problem that insufficient fund, they have to leaves to get cash, it may cause them not return to the shop again. With the help of online payment from ecommerce sector, customer can buy the goods from internet as long as the computer or devices are connected to the internet. This may lead to sale increasing. 3.2 Disadvantages of Online Payment The transaction over the internet or the transfer of fund on internet through the electronic media is known as electronic payment, as what we called as online payment. Nowadays, online payment is a daily activity for most of the business organization. It is very common and convenient for the online transaction for those organizations focus their business over web to interact with their consumers or business partners. In fact, there are still weaknesses of the online payment that we cannot ignore it. One of the ways is to be aware the raised awareness of privacy and security issues from the electronic online payment system. Consumers have to bear the risk such as fraud or identity threat that involved in the online transaction. There are several disadvantages of online payment (e-payment): 3.2.1 Privacy security concerns. In the e-commerce world, most of the online banking systems, also known as online transaction site, require the user to register as their own member with some simple input or instruction before giving the authorization for them to make the transaction. While the registration process, user need to provide the username and password, all these information implies the need of privacy protection and security. In addition, user need to maintain their account, it may be a trouble for the user. For those organizations site that hosting the user account, they should follow the strict of security and privacy policies. It is very important for those organizations to protect the privacy of the user details and prevent the information being hacked by the hacker. If the username or password is susceptible to being hacked, it maybe will cause the user a serious financial loss problem from the end. All these are a potential rick of the privacy or the personal detail being hacked while using the online payment system. 3.2.2 Identity theft Another disadvantage of using online payment is identity theft. Using the right security measure can prevent your important information being exposed by the third party. Besides that, using virus protection or firewall may very useful to protect your computer. It might a risk that you make any transaction through internet from your computer. Another example like if you losing your smart card, unfortunately the card is fall in unsafe of persons hand. There is a very serious or dangerous expenditure of your entire account balance. Though you will inform the authorities on cards loss, when the time between you losing your card and informing to the authorities, the third party (unsafe person) may transfer all your money out through your card details via internet. 3.2.3 Dependency of online payment system Along with the information technology, many organizations or firms are running their business over the internet and provide several utilities as long as online transaction. In fact, this method is indirectly effect consumers become more and more dependent on online transaction, because it speed and rapid transaction, availability 24 hours as long as connected to the internet at home or even a mobile devices. However, there still can be disadvantages for over dependent of online transaction. For example like if the email does not send to the right destination or not working well, the sender may not know the sending error or does the email has reach the destination or not. Or like for those consumers may want to pay the bill or loan over the internet instead of the traditional ways. There might be a possibility that the online payment system down or not function well from the server side, and worst there was a way for the consumer to meet the dead line. 3.2.4 Loss human touch In the physical bank, some of the customer may like to talk and communicate with the bank tellers, interacting with the bank manager or even the bank clients. But in the online virtual world, online banking system had taken off of these human interactions, all these are done by a system program, impersonal hand-off process. Due to the lack of the human interaction for online payment system, some of the customer my not know about the knowledge of online payment system. These required a basic computer skill and the knowledge about internet before using the online payment system. In addition, for some of the small online banking system, they may not provide any instruction or any guideline to lead the user in the correct way. It will caused the users entering the wrong information or incorrect bank details through the online payment system. 3.2.5 High cost development for internet payment gateway The major disadvantage for online payment method is the high cost for internet payment gateway. For those organizations or firms are running their business over the internet, the have to create an internet payment gateway or a system in-house is definitely high development cost. For those non IT companies, it is hard and difficult for them to create a system for their own. Because it wasnt their core business, and they had to use the resource from inside the company with a little or even zero of IT knowledge to build it up. Therefore, the company have to outsource from outside to help them develop a new online payment gateway for them. 3.2.6 Others Limitation Others common limitation of the online payment method: May be difficult to inspect from a remote location Limited of countries cultural and legal obstacles The rapid changing of technologies Hard to retaining the employee Government regulators Difficult to integrate the software of transaction process and the current existing database. 3.3 Critical Evaluation Based on Olga LuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡ik (2009, p.15-16) The main benefit from the bank customers point of view is significant saving of time by the automation of banking services processing and introduction of an easy maintenance tools for managing customers money. Private customers seek slightly different kind of benefits from e-banking. In the study on online banking drivers Aladwani (2001) has found, that providing faster, easier and more reliable services to customers were amongst the top drivers of e-banking development. In my opinion, I definitely agree with the above statement that stated by author (Olga LuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡ik). Online payment may help to reduce costs and convenience; user may stay at home to performed transaction at any time as long as connected with the network. It is fast and provides funds management, which allow user to download the history of the transaction that that had made. 4 Ecommerce Security Elements In the use of ecommerce, there are several factors that need to involved are: the confidentiality and privacy of the transaction need to be care between the sender and the recipient. The transaction or trading from ecommerce is directly represents to the individual, organization, or business competitor secrets. Therefore, to prevent any confidential data lost from ecommerce application, we have to make sure that the users are legitimate to access the system, and the authentication to filter which date should be show or which should not be show to the particular user. 4.1 The Integrity of the information Due to the accident or fraud of data entry, the information of the data may result in different way. In addition, the wrong of data or information will result the duplication of transmission in different sector of the process. Therefore, the trade sector will affect the integrity of the information from the parties that involved in the transaction and the entire of the business workflow. 4.2 The validity of the information In e-commerce world, the validity of information to individuals, organizations or even the countries are directly affected to the economic interests and reputation. Besides that, the validity of the number of time and the transaction price are very important. It is to make sure that the recipient received the data from the primary side. While for the primary side also have to make sure that the data are sent to that particular person. 4.3 The Non-repudiation of the information Non-repudiation is refers to something like document or contract that cannot simply denied by the origin party. Typically, non-repudiation is to ensure that the contract or one party cannot deny that they communicate to sign the document or the authenticity of a message. For example like legal documents usually need a witness person to sign it, it is to ensure that the person cannot deny the document. 4.4 The Authenticity of the transaction status Online transaction are geographical distant, we couldnt know each other or even an organization. Organization, businessmen, client or even consumer on internet may need to consider whether the transactions between both parties are trusted. To make the transaction success, mutual understanding and trusted with each other is very important. However, there are too many hacker or scammer in the virtual world, is hard to 100% fully trusted on the online transaction or even the in the virtual organizations. 4.5 The reliability of the system In e-environment, the most important point for the reliability of the system is to protect the confidentiality with a powerful security system. In addition, it is to prevent hacker hack into the system and steal the sensitive information from the system. Computer errors such as system failure, software down, virus detected, network connection down or natural disasters may result from potential threat. Therefore, prevention of the system in a good way is to ensure that the systems are security and reliability. It will affect the business workflow in the future if the reliability of the system is not fully secure. 4.6 Critical Evaluation According to Yang Jing (2009, p.48), Using the network for the transaction, the sender and recipient need to ensure the confidentiality of information exchanged. E-commerce as a means of trading, its message directly represents individuals, corporations or commercial secrets; and the e-commerce system is based on a more open network environment promote the application of ecommerce to maintain commercial confidentiality is an important guarantee. Therefore, in order to prevent a large number of transmissions was illegal to steal information to ensure that only legitimate users will be able to see the data. Information can prevent stolen. In my opinion, I absolutely agree with the statement that the author status above. To prevent the information lost, we have to protect it before happen. The integrity of information, the validity of information, the non-repudiation of information, The Authenticity of the Transaction Status, and The Reliability of the System, all these are the important elements which listed by the Author (Yang Jing) to prevent information lost. In fact, I believe that there are still a number of elements for information prevention which I never mentioned on top. 5 Strategic of E-commerce Security As e-commerce security cause by many factors such as fraud, identity theft, or confidential data being steal by the hacker, all these are the problem that we might face it when in the online virtual world. So, a strategic planning for ecommerce is very important, all the strategic that came out should be line with the overall of the ecommerce business management. It must provide a very powerful protection for all the ecommerce confidential data and allow them to recover as fast as possible if any incident happen. To prevent the security problem happen, a set of variety measurement must be included: 5.1 Security Strategy In order to ensure secure communications between both parties on internet, we must take the necessary measures to prevent them. For communication link purpose, we can use firewall or Virtual Private Network (VPN) to make the communication more safety and secure. And consumer must be very careful on some of the untrusted Proxy server. It is act like an intermediary for seeking the information, resource, or link that requested by the client. If the consumer are using the untrusted proxy server, all the data that the client provided may not be encrypted and sent to the proxy server, and proxy server may record down everything sent from the client, including the login and password. For identification and authentication purpose, encrypted or hash function may be very useful in this situation. In ecommerce, login is a very common and the first step for the consumer before they move on the transaction step. To login to the system, the system needs to identify the user name and password before provide the authentication to the user. With the help of encryption, user password have more secure which showing the password in * symbol. Besides the encryption, hash function is a way to convert your password into others form and store in the s

Frida Kahlo Exposed Her Soul on Canvas Essay -- Biography Biographies

Frida Kahlo Exposed Her Soul on Canvas Frida Kahlo was born in Mexico City on July 7, 1907. Though she wanted many to believe that she was born in 1910, the year of the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. Her father was a photographer of Hungarian Jewish decent, and her mother was Spanish and Native American. From an early age Frida's life would be marked by years of physical suffering. At the age of six she was stricken with polio, this left her right leg to appear much thinner than the other, as well as leaving her with a limp. Though she suffered dearly as a child, she was fearless and brave. She was also extremely intelligent. In 1922 she entered the Preparatoria, the most prestigious educational institution in Mexico, which had only just begun to admit girls. She was one of the only thirty-five girls out of the two thousand students. It was there that she met Diego Rivera, the man that she would eventually marry. In 1925, Frida was involved in a horrific bus accident that would alter the way she would live her life from that point on. She seriously injured her spine, abdomen, pelvis, and right foot. Frida was forced to stay flat on her back, encased in a plaster cast and enclosed in a box like structure for months. Though she survived the accident, the wounds that she suffered led to a lifelong physical battle with pain. Frida eventually regained her ability to walk, but she had many relapses, which caused her to be hospitalized for long periods of time, and also caused her to undergo numerous operations (32 throughout her life). It was her accident that led her to the path of becoming an artist. Frida in itially started painting out of boredom. She would go on to paint many of her masterpieces while being confined to... ...he opening, she of course refused to listen to the doctors and at the last minute she arrived at her exhibition on a hospital stretcher. A few months later she had to have her right leg amputated below the knee, due to a persistent infection. This caused her to spiral into a deep depression. She eventually attempted suicide several times. On July 13, 1954, Frida died. No official autopsy was done, it was a rumored suicide. Her last words in her diary read "I hope the leaving is joyful and I hope never to return". Frida Kahlo would leave behind a legacy of paintings that illustrates the beautiful and talented woman that she was. She offered the world so much beauty, though her time here was spent in such tremendous pain. I only wonder if she would have been able to create such masterpieces without going through such physical and emotional difficulties. Probably not.

Contemporary societies Essay

The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between man and himself and between man and his neighbor. Literature pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two women living at the †Bottom† in Ohio, a predominantly black community. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has one daughter; Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula. Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does not stifle her granddaughter’s freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and good friendship, a friendship that does not settle well with Helen who possesses grave misgivings due to the reputation of Sula’s mother however she does not object openly after her realization that Sula is a very polite house guest. After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years. Sula goes to college where she experiences a new wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother. Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of three years before Sula comes back from the college and their relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the bottom for three years. Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesn’t communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their next meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying. Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this masterpiece; it is the discussion between good and bad. She dies and is buried at the Bottom cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to retell the moments she had together before Sula died. While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends; the Chicken Little incident. Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula lost grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives. These are the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of good and bad and the choices and sacrifices people make in life. Later on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sula’s grave at then cemetery as the story comes to an end. The story questions the decisions that people make in life; the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics mention the humor in the novel. For example the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not only makes it too interesting and informative but also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the community and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. Satire as a theme is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion. The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision making and in the way we relate to other people in the community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring that the children also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents. The fact that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact. The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an element of female chauvinism. This can be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nel’s son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the women’s stereotyped dispositions. Shadrack being physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major influence on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, abject poverty but she is proud and unrelenting. Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to release her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing. She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the context of her upbringing or they simply do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite independent in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does. She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community. After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, of defining right and wrong, good and bad. It is important to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united even after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nel’s husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil; she was just indifferent to everything and everybody. Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not fall into bed with Sula, children were treated better so that they don’t grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula. This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. Remember the National Suicide day? After Sula’s death the community did not have any productive outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy. This eventual realization went a long way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in productive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, maybe something a little more worthwhile would have resulted. Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his skin; he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity. The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black. To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childhood and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a ‘good’ woman The black community residing in Medallion; â€Å"the bottom† is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself. Sula’s life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebody’s identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her. She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have elicited an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community. The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the time of her birth to death. If change is to take place the community remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for. The character Sula is structure less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness. This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflection of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to expunge on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society. The society’s vilification of the ‘heroine’ Sula who does not fit into the society’s conformation of a heroine is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures. Works Cited Daniel Dawkins: A Character Analysis of Sula; Considering Morrison’s Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008

My Ambition in Life Essay

Everybody has an aim in life. Aim or ambition is the inner desire of man. We should be very clear about our aim in life. We may face difficulties in reaching our desired target, but we should not loose focus. For me, to deliver mankind through treatment of poor sick people is my ambition A doctor lives a noble life.He is always at the service of suffering people.A sick man looks at him with the only hope of getting cured.The smiling face of a doctor makes the patient cheerful. A good doctor is respected everywhere. If I become a doctor I will be kind to the poor and the needy people. I will not charge any fee from them.Helping the helpless will be my duty and practice. I have studied biology and I will seat for the competitive tests for admission to a good and reputed medical college.I shall try to be a good and sincere student and then a qualified doctor. I will do whatever it takes to be a good doctor and and will be sincere to it. After becoming a successful doctor, I have plans of setting up a clinic in a village. I never had any desire to narrow and to beco e specialist, a physician, a gynecologist I want to be normal practitioner here, in my own base is the end of my imagination and, though not a specialist in any peculiar area. Although knowing the fact, the income from here would be pretty less, but making money will not be my main aim. Also interpretation all these consequential services, I shall also acquire the capital of subsistence. I vow that I would be loyal to my duty and will give full respect to my job. Days are not far off, I am trying hard to realize my ambition and I wish this dream of mine would be fulfilled.

Free Essays on The Euthyphro

The moral dilemma involving Euthyphro and Socrates begins when Socrates challenges Euthyphro by asking him what holiness really is, since Euthyphro claimed he was an â€Å"expert† in religious matters. Euthyphro defines holiness as persecuting religious offenders. Socrates found this definition unacceptable, seeing that there are many other more worthy deeds than persecuting people. Euthyphro went on to say that whatever the God’s found agreeable was indeed holy. Socrates then went on to say that the God’s fought with each other, so what might be agreeable to one might not be to another. Basically, Socrates was trying to prove that holiness cannot be defined by the Gods. Therefore, neither the Gods nor holiness can be defined because each was inherently based on the other. This left Euthyphro in a dilemma, unsure of what constituted holiness. He believed that holiness was a kind of justice that was for â€Å"looking after the Gods†. Socrates again disagreed by saying that the Gods are all powerful and don’t need to be looked after in any way. Again, Euthyphro rebutted by saying that sacrifices are made to the Gods in order to grant prayers. All this really accomplished was bringing the argument back the beginning, leaving the dilemma unsolved.... Free Essays on The Euthyphro Free Essays on The Euthyphro The moral dilemma involving Euthyphro and Socrates begins when Socrates challenges Euthyphro by asking him what holiness really is, since Euthyphro claimed he was an â€Å"expert† in religious matters. Euthyphro defines holiness as persecuting religious offenders. Socrates found this definition unacceptable, seeing that there are many other more worthy deeds than persecuting people. Euthyphro went on to say that whatever the God’s found agreeable was indeed holy. Socrates then went on to say that the God’s fought with each other, so what might be agreeable to one might not be to another. Basically, Socrates was trying to prove that holiness cannot be defined by the Gods. Therefore, neither the Gods nor holiness can be defined because each was inherently based on the other. This left Euthyphro in a dilemma, unsure of what constituted holiness. He believed that holiness was a kind of justice that was for â€Å"looking after the Gods†. Socrates again disagreed by saying that the Gods are all powerful and don’t need to be looked after in any way. Again, Euthyphro rebutted by saying that sacrifices are made to the Gods in order to grant prayers. All this really accomplished was bringing the argument back the beginning, leaving the dilemma unsolved....

Books vs Film Versions Essays - Film Adaptation, Screenwriting, Film

Books vs Film Versions Essays - Film Adaptation, Screenwriting, Film Books vs Film Versions Some of my friends say there's nothing better than reading a good book while others would rather watch its film version. ESSAY:| No doubt that there are lots of film adaptations of novels nowadays. More and more people prefer watching film versions to reading books. Nevertheless, some people are sure that nothing can substitute books . In my opinion, reading a book is much better than watching its film version . First of all , every film adaptation cuts a masterpiece. It is impossible to show everything from a book. Secondly, you imagine characters by yourself. While, when you watching the film, you have to look on personas, invented by directors of the film. What is more, reading a book gives you better understanding of characters' tempers . However, some people think that watching film adaptations of novels is usually much more interesting and enjoyable then reading books. They also think that reading a book is a waste of time when there is its film version. I totally disagree with them. To my mind, when you read a book, you become more intelligent. Everybody knows that reading a book develops your vocabulary. In conclusion, I am convinced that film adaptations of novels never can substitute books. Film version is just a nice addition to a book.

PADILLA Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy

PADILLA Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy Padilla is a Spanish geographical or locational surname, originating from a number of different villages of that name, from the Spanish padilla, meaning saucepan or bread pan, which in turn derived from the Latin patella, a diminutive of patina, or shallow dish. In this sense, the word was used topographically to describe a village built in a gentle depression. Padilla is the 57th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings PADILLO, PADILA, PADILO, DE PADILLA, DE PADILLO Famous People With the Surname PADILLA Josà © Padilla - Spanish composer and pianistLeonard Padilla - American bounty hunterErnesto Padilla – Cuban-American artist and cigar makerHeberto Padilla - Cuban poet and father of Ernesto Padilla Where do People With the Padilla Surname Live? According to Public Profiler: World Names the majority of individuals with the Padilla surname live in Spain, followed by larger concentrations in Argentina and the United States, plus small populations in France and Canada. Public Profiler doesnt include information from all countries, however, including Mexico and Venezuela. Genealogy Resources for the Surname PADILLA 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? Ancestry.com - Padilla Genealogy Records (free trial or subscription required)Thousands of records for individuals with the Padilla surname can be found on the subscription website Ancestry.com, including births, marriages, census, immigration and military records. PADILLA Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Padilla surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Padilla query. FamilySearch - PADILLA GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Padilla surname and its variations. PADILLA Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Padilla surname. Cousin Connect - PADILLA Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Padilla, and sign up for free notification when new Padilla queries are added. DistantCousin.com - PADILLA Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Padilla. You can read more about interesting surname origins and meanings here.

Negative Influences Disney Channel has on kids today Essay

Negative Influences Disney Channel has on kids today - Essay Example Many people agree that there is no childhood without living a Disney flick in some ways. These specific characters in Disney affect how children relate and even their perceptions about each other. In many of the Disney flicks, the kids are taught that being cool relates to glamour and richness. This creates a boundary with their relationship with fellow kids in class. The kids also get the notion that skimpy dressing is cool. The Disney characters, therefore, affect children’s life in one way or the other. Even if it is not during their childhoods, the effect will still be present in one aspect of their lives. The most notable example of a Disney channel is Hannah Montana. She was one of the favorites for many kids. Her recent infamous twerking incidences are nothing to inspire any kids. She shows the kids that being cool is partying and doing drugs. This has innumerable effects on the kids’ lives. This essay seeks to discuss how the Disney characters affect the childre n in their daily lives. It also discusses the main effects that the kids get after trying to emulate these characters. In most Disney films, they depict ugliness as bad and beauty as good. In these flicks, all the heroes are typically beautiful while the villains are typically unattractive. For instance, Disney’s beauty and the beast give this exact picture. ... Some people might agree that Disney tries to portray a positive message in most of their flicks (Joseph 14). However, this is not the case since the kids can get a different perception when they watch the movies. For instance in the beauty and the beast, Disney should have presented a case where beauty is portrayed as in the inside of a person and not superficially. Clearly, this would have a different effect on the children watching the movie. From the movie, they are showing that to find true love in life one must be beautiful. Other Disney characters like Donald duck, goofy and Mickey Mouse, teach children inappropriate behavior. From these characters, the children learn that a cunning character helped them get away with mischief. This is a very wrong perception for the kids. On a different perspective the children, most parent bar their kids from watching the rap songs that show partial nudity, parties and alcohol. The kids are advised to watch the Disney channel (Booker 143). In terestingly there is no difference in this channel since movies like â€Å"lemonade mouth† â€Å"Shake it Up†, â€Å"Sharpay’s fabulous adventure† and â€Å"Hannah Montana† gives children similar depictions. They inform the children that to be cool they have to attend parties, become rich, famous and glamorous. This is no different from the rap songs since the message getting across is similarly negative (Whitely 99). It is from these movies that the kids develop delinquent characters to match with the competition of staying cool at school. The celebrities of Disney channel often times play the most important role in our children’s lives. They are the coolest and most stylish role model to our children. Kids want to buy products from anything like posters of celebrities to even their

Biography of emigrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography of emigrant - Essay Example The author tells that when he first moved to the US, he merely had the basic level of competency in English. Accordingly, the author had had a lot of difficulties studying in the US in the first two or three years. But now, that more than five years have passed since then, he is fully competent in the use of English in all four areas of reading writing, speaking and listening. The researcher had always aspired to work in US Navy. He applied for it and luckily got hired in the US Navy on 17 May 2011. He had several reasons for joining US Navy. It was not simply what the author aspired to be in. He has always looked forward to the benefits that he would gain by working in US Navy. The first and foremost benefit that this job gives the author is the opportunity to continue his studies since the study expenses are borne by US Navy. By nature, the researcher would call himself optimistic as he hardly has any regrets in life. He does have harsh experiences in life but his fundamental goal always remains to learn something from them. The author reflects upon his experiences of the whole day in the night for full one hour before going to sleep. This tells him what went right, what went wrong, what his mistakes were, and how could he avoid them for good in the future. The author generally remain quiet rather than participating in meaningless and rough discussions, though he makes sure that he has his say when it is required.

Comparative Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Comparative Corporate Governance - Essay Example Apart from the governance framework it also includes the legal, institutional, ethical and regulatory framework of the community. Corporate governance is also responsible for the accountability to capital providers. It deals with the conflicts between the management and the investors. In a broad perspective, corporate governance is defined as the ways in which an organization is administered, controlled and directed (Corpgov, 2012). The corporate governance norms have shown a trend towards a growing convergence. Growth of globalization boosted by technological advancement has allowed the stakeholders to maintain a close relation and connectivity with the company (Carati and Rad, 2000). The advent of internet connectivity has made the global business market an open platform, where the stakeholders can easily compare between different governance norms followed in different organizations. Most of the firms operate in perspective of multi- national stakeholders, where the investors of a particular company belong to different cultures. As a result the firms needed to adopt a commonly accepted and globally used corporate governance system. The convergence of the corporate governance is to make sure that all the stakeholders, employees, and the management work in a convergent way so as to create value to the organization and all associated individual (Strandberg, 2005). Previously, the governance process was only focu sed on the firm’s compliance to set rules and regulations. Eventually the process has evolved from box-ticking approach to a behavioural transformation, which allows the organization to not only make sure that it is moving in the right direction but also it ensures value addition for the stakeholders. The importance of stakeholders has become a major concern for the firms, as they represent the primary determinant of the organizational success (Vogt, 2007). Among the stake holders the

W5-Data Security Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

W5-Data Security Policy - Essay Example Modern technology poses modern confronts to the protection of entity privacy which existing (Laudon & Laudon, 1999). Privacy is the declaration of individuals to be theft alone, free from observation or intrusion from other individuals of organizations as well as the state. Declarations to privacy are also caught up at the place of work. Information technology and system pressure individual declarations to privacy by making the incursion of privacy inexpensive, cost-effective, and efficient (Laudon & Laudon, 1999). Organizational information security strategies, measures, and standards are entirely significant reflections. Organization has to properly file and put into practice a successful information safety plan. Every category of such information safety serves a diverse function. The W5-Data Security Policy incorporates following main points regarding the organizational data (W5-data security Policy, 2009) Security risk: The data and information security risk can be illustrated as the intensity of affect on organization activities (comprising operational jobs, illustrations, or status), organization possessions, or individuals ensuing from the procedure of an business information arrangement offers the possible influence of a hazard and the probability of that intimidation occurring (Rebecca, 2007). The above section has presented the possible hazard situation is business. Such situation can lead to lot of possible information exploitation cases. Like that any worker can take information regarding any customer and blackmail him for some reason. That will make some bad image of the company information management. Lot of customers will hesitate to provide their information or even do no come to that company. This will case a serious business problem. Data security procedures illustrate how to put into practice the data security strategy. Actions articulate the gradually comprehensive events essential to effectively fulfill a job that chains the

Web systems integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Web systems integration - Essay Example 2013 10:00AM Cyprus Germany 160 988 7/08/2013 11:00AM Cyprus Kenya 180 And 2013/08/07 123 Eurocypria 443 7/08/2013 12:00AM Cyprus France 120 444 8/08/2013 01:30PM Cyprus China 130 the XML schemas can validates XML documents that can be processed easily by tools like XML Authority, XML spy, XML Editor in Studio Application Developer. DTD is less powerful than XML schemas. Every element that DTD defines, can equally be defined by the XML schemas, but not the other way round. For instance DTD only offers validation on items already specified by XML schemas. An example of DTD is shown below. From the above DTD, the elements define the below data that is already created by XML schema (Source of DTD data). 2013/08/07 123 Eurocypria 443 7/08/2013 12:00AM ...BizTalk server has inbuilt adapters for all kinds of systems which leads to the creation of new integrations which were previously impossible to create. BizTalk server provides a number of key functionalities that would help in supporting Business Process Management. The following key functionalities can help in addressing a business integration needs. †¢ Business-to-Business (B2B) Integration: By integrating suppliers, customers and logistics providers in the business processes, it creates effectiveness in supply and demand chains by means of standardized business dealings. †¢ Enterprise Application Integration (EAI): BizTalk connects different multiple applications that are hosted on their own infrastructure, maintaining their own databases. This helps in facilitating event driven data streams between applications and processes. †¢ Business Process Orchestrations (BPO): BizTalk visually designs and executes business processes to expose composite functionalities hosted in different applications and services thus creating new â€Å"virtual† applications. †¢ Cloud Integration: Hybrid solutions are created to span applications in the business’s datacenter running in the cloud and with that it adds significant value adding to the ‘one-size-fits-all SaaS solutions applied in every company these days.

Employee selection method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employee selection method - Essay Example Additionally, the cognitive ability test evaluates the participant’s potential or aptitude to solve job-related issues by providing data about their mental abilities such as mathematical and verbal reasoning, as well as, perpetual abilities such as speed in identifying letter in the alphabet. A good example of cognitive ability test is the aptitude test that is given to prospective employees. The advantages of the cognitive ability test are that it produces various organization outcomes such as success in training and performance. Secondly, this method can be used to predict job performance, especially for complex jobs. Thirdly, the test can be administers through paper and pencil or using computerized methods. Lastly, the method is cost-effective to administer, as the participants are time (Durai, 2010). However, there are various pitfalls that are associated with this method that include that the test is likely to differ in results because of race and gender than any other type of test administers. Lastly, the method is time-consuming in case the test is purchased off- the-

Web systems integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Web systems integration - Essay Example 2013 10:00AM Cyprus Germany 160 988 7/08/2013 11:00AM Cyprus Kenya 180 And 2013/08/07 123 Eurocypria 443 7/08/2013 12:00AM Cyprus France 120 444 8/08/2013 01:30PM Cyprus China 130 the XML schemas can validates XML documents that can be processed easily by tools like XML Authority, XML spy, XML Editor in Studio Application Developer. DTD is less powerful than XML schemas. Every element that DTD defines, can equally be defined by the XML schemas, but not the other way round. For instance DTD only offers validation on items already specified by XML schemas. An example of DTD is shown below. From the above DTD, the elements define the below data that is already created by XML schema (Source of DTD data). 2013/08/07 123 Eurocypria 443 7/08/2013 12:00AM ...BizTalk server has inbuilt adapters for all kinds of systems which leads to the creation of new integrations which were previously impossible to create. BizTalk server provides a number of key functionalities that would help in supporting Business Process Management. The following key functionalities can help in addressing a business integration needs. †¢ Business-to-Business (B2B) Integration: By integrating suppliers, customers and logistics providers in the business processes, it creates effectiveness in supply and demand chains by means of standardized business dealings. †¢ Enterprise Application Integration (EAI): BizTalk connects different multiple applications that are hosted on their own infrastructure, maintaining their own databases. This helps in facilitating event driven data streams between applications and processes. †¢ Business Process Orchestrations (BPO): BizTalk visually designs and executes business processes to expose composite functionalities hosted in different applications and services thus creating new â€Å"virtual† applications. †¢ Cloud Integration: Hybrid solutions are created to span applications in the business’s datacenter running in the cloud and with that it adds significant value adding to the ‘one-size-fits-all SaaS solutions applied in every company these days.

The Religious Traditions of Buddhism and Confucianism Essay Example for Free

The Religious Traditions of Buddhism and Confucianism Essay No other force in our collective history is as influential in shaping our world as religion has been. It is a force that continues to define and redefine the world as we know it. Nations and countries have been established and destroyed all in the name of religion. Political lines are being redrawn even as we speak with religion as the main weapon of choice. No other force can affect people and compel them to action as much as religion does. It keeps followers together even while it keeps people of different faith out. It is source of cohesion and conflict at the same time (Cristi, 2001, p. 223) People who would not normally use force on another will gladly fight in the name of faith. A call to arms in the name of religion is the best way to assemble an army, fueled with righteous anger against the perceived enemy. Most, if not all civil wars have been fought in the name of religion. The enduring conflict in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestant, as well as the violence of Buddhists in Sri Lanka against the Hindu Tamil proves such a point. For all its awesome power, the exact nature of religion remains shrouded in history. Some scholars believe that religion arose from man’s necessity to make sense of living, and his compelling need to understand the mysteries of life. (Hume 24) Over the years, religion has come to be defined as an organized system of practices structured around some supernatural or divine belief. Religion is faith practiced in the context of reality. They are rules that guide certain kind of faith or belief. (Derrida Vattimo 6) Most cultures that exist in the world today are greatly influenced by the predominant religion of their respective places. The most common manifestations of religion can be seen through prayers, rites, and traditions that certain religious denominations practice. The most dominant religions of the world include Catholicism, Islam, Jew, and Hinduism. Other religions such as Protestantism are offshoots of Catholicism. Some, like Confucianism and Theravada Buddhism remain contentious. Some regard the two as religion, while others argue otherwise. The question is how did others came to be recognized as religions while others remain ambiguous? How do we make the distinction between religion and religious traditions? This paper argues that while Confucianism and Theravada Buddhism may not be religion, they are nevertheless religious traditions by virtue of their organized and specific rules of behavior. Theravada Buddhism is the dominant school of Buddhism. The two major schools of Buddhism that emerged from Buddha’s teachings are simply different representations of the same core principles. At first it may seem contradictory that a philosophy that espouses non-violence and universal tolerance will have a division. However, there exists neither conflict nor competition within these two main schools and the schools that followed after; the schools are more of a reflection of the place, time, and circumstance where Buddhism grew and became a way of life. Because cultures and histories differ, our perspectives on Buddha’s teachings can differ as well. (Gyatso 113) The emphasis of Theravada Buddhism is on individual attainment of nirvana, as opposed to enlightenment for all as advocated by Mahayana. Mahayana believes that Buddhists should not just be concerned about their own enlightenment, but aim to enlighten others even if it means sacrificing their own (Gyatso 168). The Mahayana form has more â€Å"religious† conventions, including worship or veneration Buddha and other divine beings. They also venerate sacred objects and icons and follow certain religious rituals. Theravada Buddhists, as an offshoot of their beliefs do not have the same features of the Mahayana. The â€Å"selfish† orientation and the unadorned nature of Theravada Buddhism perpetuate the perception of a non-religion. However, it should be said that apart from this fundamental difference, these two major schools adhere to basically the same principles. (Gyatso 170). For purposes of clarity, Buddhism, as discussed here refers to Theravada Buddhism because it is the school that is most often the target of â€Å"religious† debate. Buddhism has more close to 400 millions of followers worldwide. Buddhists ascribe to certain ways of living and behaviors that are unique to their faith. The main debate whether Buddhism is a religion or not stems from the fact that Buddhists do subscribe to the belief of an all-knowing and all-powerful deity. Buddhists do not worship any sentient, supreme being; and in the same vein, they do not have specific beliefs about the afterlife and the world that exists therein. The association of religion with the belief in gods and afterworlds to the exclusion of everything else is a mistaken notion that most people stubbornly adhere to. While belief in gods and some form of afterlife is a common characteristic of most religions, it is not a feature that distinguishes religion from those that are not. It may be argued that while Buddhism has no specific god who they believe can save them, they nevertheless have some sense of the divine or the ultimate truth; a truth that Buddhists believe any one individual can attain by their own determination. For Buddhists, one’s love for of one’s self is the chain that bonds us to a life of suffering and only by following Buddha’s path can a person be liberated from the cycle of causation and rebirth. Freedom from causality is the state of nirvana (William 142). Buddhists believe that our world is a world of suffering and causality, where one action causes another to take place. Followers of Buddhism denounce violence and espouse the principles of non-violence in all aspects of their lives. The virtue of nonviolence is one the key precepts of Buddhism, which is why followers are strict vegetarians and pacifists, Another major tenet of Buddhism is meditation. Buddhists believe that by going into your own thoughts, you cleanse and purify your soul. Meditation, while relaxing the body, sharply focuses the mind, thus enabling us to purge negative energy and achieve clarity of thought. Meditation is a keystone in Buddhism; without which one cannot achieve the awakening that they are looking for (William 167). Meditation as a cornerstone of Buddhism came from the fact that Buddha himself attained enlightenment after a long period of mediation. For Buddhists the meditation technique produces a sense of calm, but it does not entirely lead us away from all of our sufferings. Regardless of the proven benefits that meditation brings, it does not provide a complete pathway to enlightenment. Buddhists combine calm meditation with or insight meditation (William 198). Calming the body and then calming the mind. This type of meditation is intended for the development of a heightened sense of awareness about the world and our place in it. It asks us to be aware of what we are doing at the precise moment we are doing it. Some people call this process metacognition, or awareness of our awareness. Once this is achieved and sustained, then enlightenment will soon follow. The origin of Buddhism is traced to an Indian prince named Siddhartha, who, in spite of the wealth and power that surrounded him found no true happiness in them. Siddhartha had a lingering discontent; there was a compelling need for him to find the meaning and purpose of life; a need so urgent that he was willing to leave the comforts and safety of his home in search of answers. And so Siddhartha travelled the world in search for his personal truth. It took many years and experiences and deep reflections, until one day, under the Bo Tree, he found absolute clarity and illumination. (Penney 17) From thereon, he called himself Buddha which means the enlightened one. He continued on his travels but this time to teach the path of enlightenment to those who seek it. It is important to note that some Buddhist scholars fall into the trap of analyzing Buddha’s teachings that they neglect the actual spiritual experiences of Buddha, which is more important than the first. To grasp the spirit of Buddha, it is necessary to know the experiences of Buddha himself. Enlightenment, which is the final goal of all Buddhists, is an absolute state of acceptance and the absolute absence of discrimination, ignorance, and suffering. By ignorance, Buddha means spiritual unawareness, the inability to consciously seek the truth and recognize it once it has been found. In the end, the message of Buddhism is clear, that one must follow the Middle Path or take a detached view of reality for an individual to see his involvement and separation from everything in life. Once this state of detachment has been achieved, then will come the realization of how our live are empty in its absolute oneness with the universe. This realization of emptiness is achieved when one seeks constant awareness of experience and thought through meditation and by consciously taking the Middle Path in all of life’s extremes. While Buddhism if more focused on existential experiences, it does have the same goals as other forms of religion: transformation and growth. Religion, through the prescription of certain doctrines and rules of behavior, seeks the betterment of all its followers. Buddhism encompasses all aspects of the follower’s life. In fact it might be argued that Buddhism is more stringent in their rules as other denominations of faith. Because Buddhists are not subservient to any god, they do not claim monopoly of truth and salvation as well. Would-be-followers are not forced to forsake their original religion as long as they follow the Buddhist way of life, which is non-negotiable. The same â€Å"religious† issues beset Confucian philosophy. The absence of an omniscient potentiate excludes it from the list of what the world recognizes as religion as well. Confucianism was based on the teachings of Confucius, renowned ancient Chinese philosopher. While Buddhism focuses on suffering and enlightenment, Confucianism is more about human behavior in the context of civilized society. During the Qing Dynasty, Confucian teachings were organized and proclaimed as China’s state religion. (Yao 28) This political move stained the public’s perception of Confucianism, making it even more difficult to be classified as a religion. However, Confucianism is strictly about how to live a morally upright life based on good deeds and good citizenship. Despite this political underpinings, Confucianism remains the ideology of choice for most Chinese.

Globalized Homogeneous Society And Culture In Nepal Cultural Studies Essay

Globalized Homogeneous Society And Culture In Nepal Cultural Studies Essay The dictionary of sociology defined the term, homogeneous as the same in structure, quality etc.; similar or identical or composed of similar or identical elements or parts; uniform. Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin tornare and the Greek tornos, meaning a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis. This meaning changed in modern English to represent ones turn. The suffix -ism is defined as an action or process; typical behavior or quality whereas the suffix -ist denotes one that performs a given action. When the word tour and the suffixes -ism and -ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey that is a round trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist and whole process known as tourism. In a simple word, globalization is a process by which product and capital markets, economies and cultures are getting progressively integrated on global scale. There are many ways of globalization around the world and no doubt; tourism is a means of globalization. Tourism is an important transmitter of globalization in Nepal. It has significant impacts on societies and cultures in the destinations. It seems a process of acculturation or westernization or Americanization and leads globalized homogenous society and culture. It has been a major source of intercultural contact. Globalization leads to socio-economic and cultural changes in Nepal. Regarding tourism, the impact is differentiated culturally, socially and economically on globalization. According to Robinson, there has been little evidence that tourism brings the world together. Further, he states, tourism is one globalization influence that can initiate dramatic and irreversible changes within the cultures of host communities (Robinson, 1999, p.22). While there is agreement that culture has become increasingly global (Hannerz, 1987; Lechner, 1989; Featherstone, 1990; Robertson 1992), few scholars defend the thesis of a global culture (McLuhan, 1964; Schiller, 1976; Levitt, 1983; Sklair, 1991). Most sociologists (Guillà ©n, 2001) reject the idea that a homogenizing global culture is in the making (Mazlish, 1993; Friedman, 1994; Appadurai, 1996; Geertz, 1998; Held et al., 1999; Inglehart and Baker, 2000). It is clear that a globalization of culture does not necessarily lead to global cultural homogeneity. Micro-phenomenological and conventional cultural models stress the tradition-based resistance of local life to the exogenous pressures of modernization (Meyeret al., 1997). Others point towards diversification in the form of hybridization (Nederveen Pieterse, 1995) or glocalization (Robertson, 1992) of world culture. However, they miss the extent to which, in the contemporary world, the local is itself cosmopolitan (Hannerz, 1987). Again, some scholars strongly argue that globalization leads to a homogenization of culture for example, Giddens (1997:64), who sees it in terms of growing economic and cultural interdependence. In General, it is very difficult to find out what process is there (in Nepalese culture and society), acculturation or Westernization or homogeneous or globalised homogeneous? Respondents opinions were different according to geographic regions, villages and cities. People from cities like Kathmandu, Chitwan, Janakpur and Lumbini have different experiences than Khumbu, Annapurna and Pokhara. A respondent nearby Bouddhanath in Kathmandu said: Everything has changed; you will not get any typical local cultures in this area. People are directly connected to tourist and have to fulfill the demand of tourist. Therefore, they has been using foreign languages, fast food and drinks (pointing to the Coca Cola in shop) but now it turned to habits and not easy to leave these things at present. I totally do not believe, tourism is only one factor for this phenomenon, the actors of globalization are more responsible for it. For example, I use English more than Nepali, in one hand tourism is responsible because my profession is related to this field, but, in other, I listen English songs, watch English movies and many more because without English we ( specially Nepali people) will not grab any better opportunities. A respondent in Themal Kathmandu Actually, the Thamel and Lakesied lifestyle has always attracted western travelers, because they have been getting any things like in western societies, like disco hall, music and movies, food, dress, drinks etc. Even local people are happy to use English language than Nepali. For us it is normal, to celebrate western festivals like Christmas, New Year, concerts, valentines day etc, because we are in touristic area and we must do these things. Again, we are learning some new culture. A respondent in Lakeside Pokhara In the tourist regions and groups most affected by tourism, aspects of a globalized culture are evolving and a special reconstruction of Nepalese culture for tourists is performed. Other groups react against this by re-inventing Nepalese traditions. Tourists themselves enjoy a combination of globalized and reconstructed Nepalese culture, though not willingly and able to understand negative Nepalese reactions and reinvented traditions. This section will describe the impact of tourism based on globalization, on Nepalese society, culture and economy; and how it creates globalised homogeneous society and culture in Nepal. Based on primary data, socio-cultural structures have changed considerably under the influence of tourism in Nepal. Those changes, both positive and negative, have varied from place to place. Tourism has contributed to social and cultural changes in host societies, including changes in value systems norms, traditional lifestyles, cultures, family relationships, language, models, individual behaviour or community structure in Nepal. The responses of the hosts in the face of these modifications have been quite diverse and complex, ranging from an active confrontation to a complete acceptance of Western culture. The choice of strategies to cope with changes wrought by tourism depends on the socio-cultural characteristics of the host community and the level of change affected by tourism. It is suggested that earlier homogeneous community characterized by a specific response to tourism becomes varied and groups exhibiting different responses to tourism emerge within the community because of touristic developments. Tourism makes connection between local to global people. It affects the change in societal norms and values in favor of Western or American norms and values. It is destructing the indigenous culture, system, tradition, social norms, value system, daily life, language, food, drinks, dress and many more through the process of homogenization under state patronages and later creates globalized homogenized society and culture. When local Nepalese, meet with the Western or American norms and values through tourist and globalization have begun to look down upon their own traditional norms and values due to the influences of Western and American norms and values. This situation is not only seen in tourists areas but also into remote villages as well. Needless consumer production of Multinational Companies such as disposable diapers, baby and canned foods, blue jeans, two-wheelers and four-wheelers, fast/junk foods, imported liquors, soft beverages, soft drinks ( like Coca-Cola, Beer), electr onic products are consumed/used by urban Nepalese. The very complex impacts of tourism on Nepalese are discovering new types of culture, society, values, norms and traditions, which contains their own traditional and Western or Americans. This looks like new but combination of local traditional and foreign cultures, values, societies, living style, food and drinks, language and many more. Here are some facts found by researcher during his study time; majority of Nepalese in tourists hubs are intending that that individualism is good, but communication is bad, that Christianity is good but Animism, Lamaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism are bad. Similarly, drinking local beer ( Chyang and tongba), Mohi, Lassi (A kind drink made by Yoghurt) and milk are bad but drinking Western Beer, Wine, Whisky Coca-Cola and imported dust milk are good, that riding car is good but walking/ trekking is bad. Similarly, CNN and BBC are the reliable news sources but not National channels are not, English or foreign movies are best but not owns, again best educa tion is available in USA, U.K., Germany, Australia, and Canada but not inside country. On the basis on data, the researched concluded that, it is interesting that due to impact of tourism by the process of globalization, two things are happening in Nepalese society and culture: a globalized homogeneous are developing and at the same time Nepalese cultures are reconstructing on local levels ( for tourist but also as identity building and national politics). The researcher has analyzed various variables to prove, tourism has created globalized homogeneous society and culture in Nepal. The researcher has collected data on family structure of local respondents. The traditional family structure of local people was joint family headed by father or mother. After introduction of tourism, people knew that single family is good and easy to manage than extend family. After that, the structure of joint family has been changing in to the nuclear family. The history and literatures says; the nuclear family has started from Europe and America after industrial revolution. Most of the natives especially new generation who are working in tourism are interested to stay in nuclear family instead of joint or extend family. The research has found, tourism is one cause of the cause of single (nuclear) family; because they are busy than others profession and cannot give time for their family members. This types of data proved that Nepalese family structure is not different form European and American. Gambling, prostitution and drug abuse were not found in the history of Nepalese civilization. Somehow, it was exist unknowingly in high-level family like Rana and Royal, because these are socially prohibited activities and still these are socially prohibited. After introduction of tourism, such activities were found in touristic areas. At the beginning, the Government and local societies ignored those activities due to tourism industry and gradually these activities were increased dramatically. Now it is big problem for Nepalese society. Gambling, prostitution and drug abuse are directly related to tourism in Nepal because tourism is the key factor of those activities. Such activities are more in touristic hubs of Nepal and slowly expanding to the all-major cities. The answer given by tourist from USA in Thamel: I was surprised when I was walking in Thamel, Kathmandu, I feel I was walking in some street of Las Vegas of USA and walking street in Thailand. Nepal is not so for from sex tourism. Similarly, in the case of gambling, some countries found to manage gambling for the foreigners in their countries. In this aspect, Los Vegas of America is a famous gambling center in the World. Such types of facilities are mostly found in Hotel in Nepal. But, Nepal government do not have any rules against local people to involve in such activities. Major touristic areas of Nepal like Kathmandu, Pokhara and Chitwan such activities has been increasing especially Young locals. Which prove that tourists places of Nepal is not different from American and European touristic places. This could be an example of globalised homogeneous society and culture created by tourism in Nepal. The next variable of globalised homogeneous society and culture in Nepal is language. Nepalese society is ethnically varied and multifaceted (complex). In Nepal, there are 61 ethnic cast group and they speak different languages. Languages, cast religion, and dress are different according to geographic regains. Formally, most of people in different geographical regions communicate each other in their own language. After introduction of tourism in communities, all indigenous people, who have opened hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, travel and trekking agencies are, have to speak foreign languages for their business. Similarly, the local guide and all workers related to tourism should speak English and other foreign language. Therefore, there are huge demand of such persons able to speak English and foreign language. To get better opportunities people started to learn foreign language. Most of the people had started to learn foreign languages with tourists because they did not have language center in their society, for this work, different International and national organization has been helping them. I have been working in tourism more than 30 years, I do not have any schooling education in foreign languages, me and my family members can speak English very fluently, not only in business we use English at home also. Even my son can speak German, French and Japanese except English, we learnt it from tourist. A father with his family members in Thamel Kathmandu Furthermore, majority of the indigenous people involved in tourism can understand communication easily with the tourist in different foreign languages. Nowadays the youngsters are gradually adopting to speak English and foreign languages in their daily activities too. These changes in people are because of the involvement in tourism and enable to speak English and other languages in their daily activities. However, nowadays people are happy to use English rather than their own language. Most of the people are using mixed Nepali language: Nepali plus English. The researcher has found most of local people are using broken language; English plus Nepali in the study areas. It is proved that, people are using neither their own language correctly nor foreign. They introduced new types of mixed language for their daily life. Therefore, westernization in language is seen clearly in Nepal. It will be certainly happen that in future large number of the Nepalese will use English language in the ir daily life. This could be the best example of globalized homogeneous society and culture, because English is spoken all over the World as international language. Similarly; Food, drinks, dress, marriage and lifestyles are other important variables to discuss on globalized homogenous society and culture in Nepal. The food of Nepal is as diverse as the country itself, it is easy to cook and good to eat and famous for its nutrition level and tempting taste. Dal Bhat (Pulses and rice), Roti (flat bread), Gundrook- Dheedo (wheat, maize porridge and dried green vegetables) are common food. In addition, milk, Rakshi, Tomba, Mohi, Lassi (A kind drink made by Yoghurt) are common drinks in Nepal. After introduction of tourism, local people were forced to make varieties of foreign food to fulfill tourists demand. Gradually, local peoples food items were changing in to foreign food. Nepalese neither changed their local food totally nor accepted foreign food. Some new types of food were introduced, having both qualities form local and foreign food. However, majority of local people were happy to consume modern foreign food and drinks, like Biscuits, Noodles, sweets, Pizza, Pasta, Burger, Cake, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Western Beer, Wine, Whisky and many more food and drinks. Even people prefer to go to the hote ls and restaurants rather than at home. Our children are growing their hair out, and the evening, when they leave the Patan, each carries a bottle of Coca-Cola and fast food in their hand. Nowadays, there is a rebellion against family values. I grew up with a different lifestyle than my son. When I talk to him: look my son; he is Badmasi (a bad people in Nepalese sense); you have to respect our traditions, cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, he said; do not worry. But, they never care on it. I am afraid that they are importing some bad values and customs, thats why I moved away from here. A respondent in Patan Durbar square, Lalitpur Regarding to Nepalese dress, Daura-Suruwal and Topi (Nepali Cap) for men and Sari (Gunyo), Choli for women in general but men use Shirt, Pant, and women use Kurtha-suruwal also. People who have connection with tourist are using different types of western fashion like jeans, metallic clothes, t-shirt of Bob Marley, Michael Jackson, WWE superstar and some junky dresses. Such condition is worst in women; they are happy with modern boutiques, tight jeans and with two pieces of clothes seem undressed, which is not acceptable in Nepalese society, such things are found more in tourist areas. Similarly, arrange marriage has been considering as the best marriage system in Nepal in the past even today. However, the idea of romantic love has seeped into the mentality of youngsters. This is a result of external influences, among them tourism and movies. They prefer love marriages, where they can choose their own mates. Sometimes their own choosing results in inter-caste and inter-community marriages. Except for one reported case, cross-cultural marriages are rare in Ghandruk, Khumbu, Chitwan, Kathmandu and Jankpur as compared to the Armapuma region and Lumbini, where such marriages are more frequent. Overall, tourists remain a fascination for youngsters, along with their material wealth and ideas about conjugal matters. In other cases, the tourist ends up marrying native people in Khumbu, Annapuran, Kathamndu, Pokhara, and Chitwan etc. The new generation of such couple has both mixed culture; foreign and local, which is one of the key factor to introduce a new type of globali sed homogenized society and culture in Nepal. The influxes of tourists have had major effect on the local communities, particularly on the indigenous people like Sherpas Rai, Gurung, Tamang, Tharu (a Nepalese ethnic group), who live around the trekking routes of Khumbu, Annapurna region and Chitwan. The culture of those indigenous people has been changed as well as the structure of the local economies. Here is a comparative chart between traditional and globalised Nepalese culture before and after tourism. Before tourism (Traditional) After tourism (Globalised) Family structure ( Joint or extend family) Gambling, prostitution and drug abuse were not found. Traditional Nepali and other Languages according to Region and cast. Traditional food and drinks; Dal Bhat, Roti, Gundrook- Dheedoand milk, Rakshi, Tomba, Mohi, Lassietc. Dress; Daura-Suruwal, Topi, Shirt, pant for men and Sari (Gunyo), Choli and Kurtha-suruwal for women. Nuclear family Gambling, prostitution and drug abuse can be found everywhere especially more in tourist places. Mixed (Nepali and other foreign) languages, and majority of people speak English in their daily life. Globalised food and drinks; Biscuits, Noodles, Chocolates, Pizza, Pasta, Burger, Cake, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Western Beer, Wine, Whisky and many more. Dress; western fashion like jeans, metallic clothes, t-shirt of Bob Marley, Michael Jackson, WWE superstar. Tourism still has impact on local society and culture in Nepal. Participants report that tourism has more contradicted religion and traditions, while some of them expressed the fear of potential impact on younger generations. Such sentiments were centered near Khumbu and Annapurna, where the impact on society and culture are more present than in the other sites. Among the negative impacts reported in study, areas are; the consumption of alcohol, the imitation of tourist behaviour and sexual relations with tourists, increasing foreign food, dress, drug, language, gambling and unwanted lifestyle change. Yet, as we have already seen, if anything characterizes developments such as those mentions above, it is their particularism. In my opinion, it would be a mistake to read this particular case as an example of global cultural heterogeneity. As representing some more authentic cultural voice, that has its roots somewhere outside global culture. A number of theories of the global condition are eager to point out that the current phase of cultural globalization neither implies that we are merely witnessing a new kind of cultural imperialism not means that world cultural is becoming more homogeneous. If anything, the current phase of globalization is characterized as much by cultural differentiation as it is by homogenizing process. Therefore, I can say by looking answers given by respondents, tourism is an important transmitter of globalization in Nepal, due to tourism two things happened in Nepalese society and culture: a globalized homogeneous culture develops but the same time Nepales e cultures are reconstructed on local levels.